BC-ADM Online Practice Questions

Explanation:
It appears there was some confusion in the structuring of your question and answer. Let's clarify the question and provide a more detailed explanation for the correct answer.
Question
A diet which incorporates red meat 3. Sedentary lifestyle 4. Stress
Correct Answer A diet which incorporates red meat
Type 2 diabetes is a metabolic disorder that is primarily characterized by high blood glucose in the context of insulin resistance and relative insulin deficiency. Several lifestyle factors have been identified that increase the risk of developing Type 2 diabetes. These include excessive alcohol use, maintaining a sedentary lifestyle, and experiencing high levels of stress.
Alcohol use can lead to chronic pancreatitis, which impairs the pancreas' ability to secrete insulin, thereby directly contributing to diabetes. Furthermore, heavy drinking can lead to weight gain and changes in metabolism, both of which are risk factors for diabetes.
Sedentary lifestyles contribute to the development of Type 2 diabetes by promoting obesity, decreasing insulin sensitivity, and reducing the muscle mass that is crucial for proper glucose metabolism.
Stress affects blood sugar levels directly by increasing the release of glucagon and cortisol, which in turn increase blood glucose levels. Chronic stress can also lead to poor lifestyle choices such as unhealthy eating and reduced physical activity, which further increase diabetes risk.
On the other hand, the consumption of red meat, while often cited as a risk factor for various health conditions, shows a more complex relationship with Type 2 diabetes. Studies suggest that while excessive consumption of processed and unprocessed red meat may be associated with an increased risk of diabetes, moderate consumption within a balanced diet does not independently raise diabetes risk significantly. It is the mode of preparation, the type of meat, and the overall dietary pattern that play more pivotal roles in the impact of red meat consumption on diabetes risk.
In conclusion, among the options given, a diet which incorporates red meat, if consumed in moderation and part of a balanced diet, does not necessarily increase the risk of Type 2 diabetes to the same extent as the other listed factors such as alcohol use, a sedentary lifestyle, and high stress levels.

Explanation:
• Gastric electrical stimulation results in symptomatic improvement of gastroparesis and is well correlated with gastric emptying.
• Erythromycin 3 mg/kg intravenously (IV) every 8 hours is recommended for acute exacerbations.
• There are insuffcient studies to recommend relamorelin as a useful option for managing gastroparesis.
• There is not enough data to support the use of acupuncture.
Go to the next page if you knew the correct answer, or click the link image(s) below to further research the concepts in this question (if desired).

Explanation:
Xerostomia, commonly known as dry mouth, occurs when the salivary glands do not produce sufficient saliva to keep the mouth wet. It can lead to difficulties in tasting, chewing, swallowing, and speaking. Xerostomia can significantly affect a person's quality of life, leading to nutritional problems and promoting tooth decay and gum disease.
Multiple factors can contribute to xerostomia. One of the primary reasons is the use of certain medications, including drugs used to treat depression, anxiety, pain, allergies, and colds. Diseases that affect the salivary glands, such as Sjogren's syndrome, HIV/AIDS, diabetes, and Parkinson's disease, can also cause dry mouth. Additionally, treatments for cancer involving the head and neck (like radiation and chemotherapy) can damage the salivary glands.
Polydipsia, which is an excessive thirst typically associated with diabetes, can also be linked to xerostomia. In diabetes, particularly when blood glucose levels are high (hyperglycemia), the body tries to rid itself of excess glucose through increased urine output. This diuretic effect can lead to dehydration, prompting a dry mouth sensation. Therefore, both polydipsia and hyperglycemia, which often occur in diabetes, are closely related to the development of xerostomia.
On the other hand, hypoglycemia, which refers to low blood sugar levels, does not have a direct relation to xerostomia. Although diabetes management involves the balancing of insulin, food intake, and energy expenditure to prevent both hypoglycemia and hyperglycemia, there is no direct link between low blood sugar and decreased saliva production. Hypoglycemia primarily affects energy levels and can cause symptoms such as shaking, sweating, and palpitations, but not dry mouth directly.
Thus, of the options given, hypoglycemia is the correct answer as it is not related to xerostomia. Understanding the various factors that contribute to or are associated with xerostomia can aid in better managing this condition, especially in individuals with underlying health issues like diabetes.

Explanation:
• Canagliflozin is an SGLT-2 inhibitor that has been associated with DKA with normal or only mildly elevated glucose levels.
• SGLT-2 inhibitors affect the proximal convoluted tubule of the nephron to prevent glucose re- absorption. This can lower blood glucose levels without affecting insulin secretion.
• Patients with type 2 diabetes can become insulin-deficient enough to develop ketoacidosis without displaying the degree of hyperglycemia that many patients, nurses, and doctors rely on to detect it. In other words, SGLT-2 inhibitors can reduce the hyperglycemia of insulin deficiency without preventing the ketosis of worsening insulin deficiency.
• Metformin can cause severe lactic acidosis; however, this patient is in DKA, which is not precipitated by metformin. Glyburide can cause hypoglycemia but is unlikely to result in severe acidosis. Insulin can result in hypoglycemia but is unlikely to cause severe acidosis.
Go to the next page if you knew the correct answer, or click the link image(s) below to further research the concepts in this question (if desired).

Explanation:
1 When managing diabetes, particularly during times of illness or stress, it's important to adjust insulin doses carefully to prevent hyperglycemia (high blood glucose levels) while avoiding the risk of causing hypoglycemia (low blood glucose levels). During sick days, blood glucose levels can often rise due to the stress of illness and the potential changes in your eating and activity levels.
2 If you find that your blood glucose levels are elevated but ketones are not present in your urine, this suggests that your body is still using insulin but needs more than usual to manage the increased blood glucose. Ketones indicate that your body is breaking down fat for energy due to a lack of available insulin. In the absence of ketones, the adjustment needed is generally less aggressive than when ketones are present.
3 The guideline for adjusting insulin on sick days when ketones are not present is to add an additional 10% of your usual daily insulin dose. This is often referred to as a sick-day dose. The reason for this moderate increase is to help bring down the high blood glucose levels without causing a rapid drop that could lead to hypoglycemia.
4 To implement this adjustment, first calculate your total daily dose of insulin under normal circumstances. This includes all rapid-acting, short-acting, and long-acting insulins. Once you have this number, calculate 10% of this total. For instance, if your total daily insulin dose is 50 units, 10% would be an additional 5 units.
5 This additional dose should be administered using a rapid-acting or short-acting insulin to ensure that the insulin acts quickly to reduce the elevated blood glucose levels. This is particularly important during sickness, as rapid-acting or short-acting insulins can more effectively manage sudden spikes in glucose levels.
6 It is crucial to monitor your blood glucose levels more frequently during illness and to adjust your insulin doses based on ongoing readings. This proactive approach helps to manage unexpected fluctuations in blood glucose and ensures that you are adequately dosed to handle the metabolic changes that illness can bring. Always consult a healthcare provider if you are unsure about how to adjust your insulin during sick days.